In this comprehensive article, readers will learn about soundproofing, its importance, and various types of soundproofing materials. The principles of soundproofing are discussed, including mass, decoupling, insulation, absorption, and damping. The article then focuses on the air space between window panes, its benefits, and how it can be optimized for soundproofing. Different types of pane systems, such as double-glazed, triple-glazed, and secondary glazing systems, are compared for their effectiveness in soundproofing. Factors that affect the soundproofing performance of the air space, such as glass thickness, type of glass, and gas fillings, are also explored. Finally, maintenance tips and troubleshooting techniques for soundproof windows are provided, along with solutions for upgrading existing windows to achieve better soundproofing performance.
Understanding Soundproofing
Definition and Importance
Soundproofing is the process of preventing or reducing the transmission of sound from one space to another by using building materials, architectural designs, or specialized products. It is a vital concept in creating spaces where people can comfortably live, work, and enjoy activities without being disturbed by unwanted noise or disturbing others. The importance of soundproofing lies in the numerous benefits it provides, including enhanced privacy, noise reduction, improved concentration and productivity levels, and overall well-being.
In residential settings, soundproofing can contribute to a peaceful and relaxed living environment by isolating noise from the outside world and reducing the transmission of sound between rooms. In commercial and industrial areas, soundproofing plays a crucial role in providing a comfortable workspace, ensuring confidentiality, and adhering to occupational safety regulations. Theaters, recording studios, and performance venues also require efficient soundproofing to maintain optimal sound quality and prevent echo and reverberation.
Types of Soundproofing Materials
Various types of soundproofing materials are available based on composition, effectiveness, and application. These materials can be classified into four categories:
- Barrier Materials: These are dense, rigid, and heavy materials designed to block sound transmission, such as drywall, mass-loaded vinyl, and concrete. They work by reflecting sound waves back into the room, preventing them from passing through.
- Absorptive Materials: These materials are porous, lightweight, and soft, designed to trap sound waves, converting them into heat, and reducing echoes and reverberations. Examples of absorptive materials include acoustic foam panels, fabric-covered panels, and spray foam insulation.
- Damping Materials: Damping materials are used to convert sound energy into heat through internal friction. They help limit vibrations and resonance, usually employed in damping compounds or sandwiched between two panels. Examples include Green Glue Noiseproofing Compound, resilient channels, and viscoelastic materials.
- Insulation Materials: These materials, like fiberglass insulation or mineral wool, are generally used to fill cavities in walls or ceilings. They help prevent sound from traveling through gaps and voids by trapping air particles, minimizing the transmission of sound.
Principles of Soundproofing
Effective soundproofing relies on five main principles: mass, decoupling, insulation, absorption, and damping. Each principle works differently to manage and control sound, and the best soundproofing solutions often involve a combination of these principles.
Mass
The mass principle works on the concept that heavier and denser materials can prevent sound waves from passing through them. Adding mass to walls, floors, and ceilings is an effective way of soundproofing a space as it makes it more difficult for sound waves to penetrate and transmit.
Decoupling
Decoupling is a soundproofing technique that separates the structures, reducing the transmission of sound through vibrations. By isolating the different elements of a structure, particularly walls and ceilings, decoupling techniques such as resilient channels, double-stud walls, or staggered stud walls can provide a significant reduction in sound transmission.
Insulation
Insulation in soundproofing consists of filling gaps, cavities, and voids with insulating materials to trap air particles and reduce sound transmission. Proper insulation within a space is essential to prevent sound from traveling through these air pockets.
Absorption
Absorption is the process of converting sound energy into heat energy. Absorptive materials are designed to trap sound waves within their fibers, reducing reverberations and improving the overall sound quality within a space. These materials often work in conjunction with other soundproofing techniques to further enhance their effectiveness.
Damping
Damping is the process of dissipating sound energy through internal friction. Damping materials, when applied between two surfaces, help to minimize vibrations and resonances that contribute to sound transmission. Damping compounds and viscoelastic materials are common damping materials used in soundproofing applications. When combined with the other principles of soundproofing, a well-damped space can provide significant noise reduction and improve the overall comfort of those occupying the area.
Air Space Between Panes
How It Works
The air space between panes in double-glazed or triple-glazed windows plays a significant role in improving the window’s overall performance. This gap is filled with air or an inert gas like argon or krypton and serves as an insulating barrier between the glass panes. The air or gas-filled space minimizes the transfer of heat, cold, and sound, thus enhancing the window’s insulation and energy efficiency. The gap also reduces condensation issues and provides a barrier against noise pollution.
Multi-pane windows with this feature are constructed by placing the glass panes within a sealed frame, which leaves a small gap between the sheets of glass. The framed glass unit is then sealed with an airtight sealant to prevent air leaks, moisture infiltration, and gas loss. The thickness of the air space can vary between 6mm to 20mm, depending on the application and the desired insulation properties. Generally, a larger gap offers better insulation but may increase the overall thickness and weight of the window.
Benefits of the Air Space Between Panes
The air space between panes in multi-pane windows brings numerous benefits, making these windows a popular choice among homeowners, commercial properties, and architects. Some of the advantages include enhanced thermal insulation, increased energy efficiency, reduced condensation, and noise abatement.
Thermal Insulation
Thermal insulation is significantly enhanced due to the air space between the panes as it creates a barrier that slows down the transfer of heat through the glass. In the colder months, the gap prevents cold air from passing through the window, while in the warmer months, it keeps the heat out. Moreover, filling the gap with an inert, low-conductive gas like argon or krypton further improves the insulation properties by minimizing heat transfer between panes. This helps in maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature throughout the year.
Energy Efficiency
Increased thermal insulation provided by the air space between panes directly contributes to the energy efficiency of a building. As the windows effectively insulate against the outside temperatures, the need for heating or cooling systems to maintain indoor comfort is reduced. This can lead to savings on energy bills and a reduction in fossil fuel consumption, making these windows an environmentally-friendly choice. Additionally, the energy-efficient windows may qualify for energy tax credits or rebates, depending on the country or jurisdiction.
Reduction in Condensation
Condensation issues are significantly reduced with the presence of the air space between the panes in multi-pane windows. Condensation commonly occurs on single-pane windows when warm, moist air comes into contact with the cold glass surface. By slowing down the transfer of temperatures between the panes, the windows help to maintain a suitable balance between indoor and outdoor temperatures, thus reducing the chances of condensation formation. Meanwhile, the hermetically sealed units also prevent moisture from entering the gap between panes, which eliminates the risk of internal condensation.
Noise Abatement
Besides their thermal and energy benefits, the air space between panes in double and triple-glazed windows also contributes to noise reduction. Windows with this feature provide a barrier that attenuates sound waves and minimizes outdoor noise pollution. The thickness of the air gap (and the type of glass used) can affect the degree of noise attenuation. For even better acoustic performance, homeowners might opt for acoustic or laminated glass to further reduce noise penetration.
In summary, the air space between panes in multi-pane windows is an important element that offers a range of benefits including thermal insulation, energy efficiency, condensation reduction, and noise abatement. As the windows help in maintaining comfortable indoor environments and contribute to energy savings, they have become a popular choice for residential and commercial applications.
Optimizing the Air Space for Soundproofing
Appropriate Gap Width
When it comes to soundproofing, one of the essential factors to consider is the air space between the walls or partitions. Optimizing the airspace is crucial to minimize the transfer of sound waves, which can result in better soundproofing. In this section, we will discuss the effect of gap width on soundproofing performance and how to find the optimal gap width.
Effect of Gap Width on Soundproofing Performance
The gap width refers to the distance between the two surfaces (such as walls) that you are trying to soundproof. The more significant the gap width, the more air space there is to absorb and dissipate sound waves. However, this does not mean that you should increase the gap width indefinitely.
A larger gap width increases the air space, but it also increases the chances of creating resonance. Resonance occurs when sound waves bounce between the surfaces, amplifying each other and causing a more substantial transfer of noise. Furthermore, a larger gap width makes it challenging to maintain structural integrity and might require additional support and materials, which ultimately raises the cost of soundproofing.
Finding the Optimal Gap Width
The optimal gap width for soundproofing depends on the specific situation and the frequency of the sound you are trying to block. Lower-frequency sounds, such as bass or rumbling noise, generally require a larger gap width to be effectively blocked. Conversely, higher-frequency sounds, such as voices or ringing, can be effectively blocked with a smaller gap width.
A general rule of thumb is to aim for a gap width of approximately 4 inches, which provides a balance between soundproofing performance and structural requirements. However, it is crucial to assess the sound frequencies you are trying to block and consult with an expert if needed to determine the best gap width for your particular situation.
Sealing the Air Space
Once you have determined the optimal gap width for your soundproofing project, the next step is to ensure that the air space is adequately sealed. This is essential to maintaining the effectiveness of your soundproofing solution and preventing unwanted sound waves from passing through.
Importance of Airtight Seals
Airtight seals are vital in soundproofing as they ensure that there are no gaps or cracks through which sound waves can penetrate. Poorly sealed air spaces can drastically reduce the effectiveness of your soundproofing efforts, as even small gaps or cracks can allow sound waves to pass through.
Ensure that all joints and seams are securely sealed, as well as any additional penetrations, such as outlets, switches, or pipes. Remember that even small gaps can significantly impact your soundproofing efforts, so it is essential to take the time and effort to create airtight seals.
Types of Seals
There are various types of seals available to create an airtight barrier in your soundproofing project. Some common options include butyl tape seals, acoustic caulk seals, and V-strip seals. Each has its benefits and drawbacks, so it is essential to consider the best option for your specific situation.
Butyl Tape Seals
Butyl tape is a durable, sticky tape that is excellent for creating airtight seals. The tape is easy to apply and can be used in various soundproofing situations, including sealing drywall joints or connecting soundproofing material layers. However, butyl tape is not paintable, so if aesthetics are a concern, you will need to cover the tape with another material, such as drywall.
Acoustic Caulk Seals
Acoustic caulking is a flexible, non-hardening sealant designed specifically for soundproofing applications. It effectively seals joints and gaps while maintaining its flexibility, ensuring that it does not crack over time as the building settles. Acoustic caulk is paintable, making it a popular choice for many soundproofing projects where appearance is essential.
V-strip Seals
V-strip seals, also known as V-strip weatherstripping or V-seal, are a versatile sealing option that can be used to insulate windows and doors. They are usually made from a flexible plastic or metal material and form a V-shape when applied to the edges of a door or window. When the door or window is closed, the V-strip compresses to create an airtight seal that helps to block sound waves. This type of seal is effective for reducing noise transfer through gaps around doors and windows but is typically not suitable for use in wall or ceiling soundproofing applications.
Types of Pane Systems
Double Glazed Windows
Double glazed windows consist of two panes of glass separated by a layer of inert gas, typically argon or krypton, or a vacuum. This layer of gas or vacuum serves as an insulating barrier, improving the window’s energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer between the building’s interior and exterior. The panes of glass may also be coated with a low-emissivity (low-E) film to further enhance energy efficiency by reflecting heat back into the room.
Construction and Features
A standard double glazed window is constructed by sealing the two panes of glass along their perimeter, with a spacer bar positioned between them to maintain a uniform gap. The spacer bar often incorporates a desiccant material to absorb any residual moisture within the sealed unit, preventing condensation from forming between the panes. Some double glazed windows also use additional features such as thermal breaks, which improve insulation by reducing the conduction of heat through the window components.
The thickness of the glass panes in a double glazed window may vary depending on the desired level of soundproofing and insulation. Thicker glass panes provide better soundproofing as they are more effective at blocking sound waves from passing through.
Effectiveness for Soundproofing
Double glazed windows can significantly reduce the level of noise entering a building, offering a quieter living or working environment. The insulation provided by the gas-filled or vacuum gap between the panes reduces the transmission of sound waves, helping to dampen noise from traffic, machinery, and other external sources. The overall effectiveness of soundproofing in double glazed windows depends on factors such as the thickness of the glass panes, the distance between the panes, and the type of gas used.
Triple Glazed Windows
Triple glazed windows consist of three panes of glass, separated by layers of inert gas or a vacuum. These windows are typically more energy-efficient and offer improved soundproofing compared to double glazed windows.
Construction and Features
A triple glazed window is constructed similarly to a double glazed window, with the main difference being the inclusion of an additional pane of glass. The three panes are sealed along their perimeter and separated by spacer bars, maintaining uniform gaps filled with inert gas or a vacuum. As with double glazed windows, thermal breaks and low-E coatings may also be used to improve the insulation and energy efficiency of triple glazed windows.
The glass panes in triple glazed windows are often various thicknesses to increase soundproofing and insulation. The combination of different glass thicknesses helps to break up sound waves more effectively, reducing the transmission of noise.
Effectiveness for Soundproofing
Triple glazed windows offer superior soundproofing compared to double glazed windows due to their additional pane of glass and the increased insulation provided by the extra gas-filled or vacuum gap. This design effectively reduces the transmission of both airborne and impact noise, creating a quieter environment for occupants of the building. The overall soundproofing performance, however, will still depend on factors such as glass thickness, the distance between the panes, and the type of gas used.
Secondary Glazing
Secondary glazing involves adding a second window or pane of glass on the interior side of an existing window. This can be a cost-effective and non-disruptive way to improve the soundproofing and insulation of windows without replacing the original units.
Construction and Features
Secondary glazing systems typically involve a separate, independent window frame that is installed on the interior side of the existing window. This frame can be made from materials such as aluminum, uPVC, or timber, and may hold a single- or double-glazed pane. Some secondary glazing systems use removable panels, allowing for easy cleaning and maintenance of the original window.
For the best soundproofing performance, the air gap between the original window and the secondary glazing should be maximized, with larger gaps providing better noise reduction.
Effectiveness for Soundproofing
Secondary glazing can provide significant noise reduction, particularly in situations where the existing windows are single glazed or poorly sealed. The additional layer of glass and the air gap between the original window and the secondary glazing help to block and absorb sound waves, reducing the transmission of noise from the outside.
However, the overall soundproofing effectiveness of secondary glazing can be lower than that of double or triple glazed windows, particularly if the existing windows are already double glazed. In such cases, the installation of secondary glazing may provide only a marginal improvement in noise reduction.
Comparing Double and Triple Glazed Windows with Secondary Glazing
In terms of soundproofing, triple glazed windows generally offer the highest level of noise reduction, followed by double glazed windows, with secondary glazing potentially providing effective but often more modest improvement. However, the specific noise reduction performance will vary depending on factors such as the thickness of the glass, the distance between the panes, and the type of gas used in the sealed units.
Installation requirements and costs may also be a consideration when comparing these options. Triple glazed windows typically require a complete window unit replacement, while secondary glazing can usually be installed with minimal disruption to the building and may be a more cost-effective choice, particularly when upgrading single glazed windows.
Factors Affecting Soundproofing Performance of Air Space Between Panes
When it comes to soundproofing windows, the air space between panes plays a crucial role. This air gap can significantly reduce sound transmission between the external environment and your interior space. However, the soundproofing performance depends on several factors, including the thickness of the glass panes, the type of glass used, and the type of gas filling in the air space. This article will discuss these major factors that affect soundproofing in windows.
Thickness of Glass Panes
The thickness of the glass panes directly affects the soundproofing performance of windows. Generally, thicker glass offers better sound insulation properties than thinner glass. The thicker the glass, the more mass it has, which makes it more difficult for sound waves to penetrate through the glass panes. Dual-pane windows that use thicker glass on both the inner and outer panes will have a higher sound transmission class (STC) rating, which is a measure of how well a window reduces sound transmission.
However, doubling up on the thickness of the glass will not deliver a linear improvement in soundproofing performance. Once the glass reaches a certain thickness level, adding more thickness may not yield significant improvements. It is important to balance the thickness of the glass with the other factors to achieve optimal soundproofing without adding unnecessary weight or cost.
Type of Glass Used
The type of glass used in windows can impact their soundproofing performance. There are various types of glass available, each with their unique set of properties:
- Laminated Glass: Laminated glass is a popular choice for soundproofing windows because it features a layer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) between two layers of glass. This middle layer further dampens sound transmission by absorbing and dissipating sound energy, thereby improving acoustic insulation. Additionally, laminated glass also offers enhanced security features and can reduce harmful UV radiation.
- Acoustic Glass: Acoustic glass is specifically designed with soundproofing in mind. It uses multiple layers of glass with variable thicknesses and features a special PVB interlayer that is tuned to block out specific sound frequencies while maintaining transparency. This type of glass can provide superior soundproofing performance and is ideal for environments with high levels of noise pollution.
- Low-E Glass: Low-E (low emissivity) glass is coated with thin layers of metal oxides to reduce heat transfer through windows. While their primary purpose is temperature control and energy efficiency, low-E glass can also provide some level of sound insulation. However, it is not as effective as laminated or acoustic glass in terms of soundproofing.
Gas Fillings in Air Space
The type of gas filling in the air space between the panes also affects soundproofing performance. Generally, heavier gases offer better sound insulation properties. There are three primary gases used to fill the air space in windows:
- Argon Gas: Argon gas is commonly used as a filling in energy-efficient double-glazing windows. It is a dense, non-toxic, and colorless gas that provides improved sound insulation and thermal performance. Argon has a lower thermal conductivity than air, which helps reduce heat transfer between glass panes and minimizes temperature fluctuations.
- Krypton Gas: Krypton gas has a higher density than argon, making it even more effective at reducing sound transmission. It also provides better thermal performance than argon, but it is generally more expensive. Krypton gas is typically used in situations where superior soundproofing and insulation are required, such as in high-rise buildings or close to busy highways.
- Xenon Gas: Xenon gas provides the highest level of sound insulation among the three gases, but it is also the most expensive. It is used in high-performance windows where maximum soundproofing and thermal insulation are necessary. However, due to its high cost, xenon is less commonly used in residential applications.
In summary, the soundproofing performance of the air space between panes is influenced by a combination of factors, including the thickness of the glass, the type of glass used, and the gas filling. To achieve the best soundproofing results, it is essential to consider all these factors and create a window system that balances performance with cost and practicality.
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Soundproof Windows
Soundproof windows are an excellent investment for homeowners and businesses, offering a wide range of benefits such as increased privacy, reduced noise, and improved energy efficiency. To ensure that soundproof windows continue to function effectively and maintain a high level of performance, regular maintenance and prompt repairs are vital. In this article, we will discuss tips on how to maintain soundproof windows and identify common problems that may require repair. Additionally, we will look at how to upgrade existing windows for better soundproofing.
Regular Maintenance Tips
Proper maintenance of soundproof windows is essential to ensuring optimal performance and prolonging their lifespan. Here are some practical tips to follow:
- Cleaning: Regularly clean soundproof windows with a soft cloth and a window cleaner appropriate for use on glass surfaces. Stubborn dirt and grime can build up, reducing the effectiveness of the soundproofing. Avoid using abrasive cleaners or rough scrubbers, as these can scratch the glass and damage the window seals.
- Inspecting and lubricating seals: Inspect the window seals for any signs of wear, deterioration, or damage, such as cracks or gaps. Seals play a crucial role in achieving effective soundproofing, so it is vital to ensure they are in good condition. Apply a silicone-based, non-petroleum lubricant to help maintain the flexibility of the seals and extend their life.
- Checking for condensation: Inspect for any signs of condensation between the glass panes, as this may indicate a broken seal or faulty installation. Addressing this issue early on can prevent further damage to the window and ensure optimal performance.
- Inspect and adjust hardware: Inspect the window’s hardware regularly, such as hinges, latches, and locks. Ensure that all components are functioning smoothly and adjust as necessary.
Identifying Problems and Repair
In some cases, soundproof windows may encounter issues that require repair or replacement. Some common problems include:
Broken Seals
Over time, window seals can wear out, crack, or become damaged due to various factors like weather and age. Broken seals allow air and moisture to pass through the window, thus reducing its soundproofing capabilities. Contact a professional to assess the damage and repair or replace the seals as needed.
Glass Pane Damage
Cracked or damaged glass panes not only reduce the soundproofing effectiveness but can also compromise the window’s structural integrity. In these cases, it is best to have the glass panes professionally replaced. Attempting to fix the damage yourself may result in further damage or even injury.
Upgrading Existing Windows for Better Soundproofing
If your existing windows do not provide adequate soundproofing, there are several upgrades and modifications you can consider to improve their performance. Some popular options include:
- Add a secondary glazing layer: Installing a secondary layer of glass or acrylic behind your existing windows can provide an extra barrier and improve soundproofing.
- Replace windows with double or triple-pane units: Upgrading to double or triple-pane windows can significantly improve soundproofing by providing additional layers of glass and an insulating gas-filled space in between.
- Install soundproof window inserts: These specialized window inserts are designed to fit inside the existing window frame and provide an additional layer of soundproofing without altering the appearance of your windows.
- Use acoustic caulking and weatherstripping: Apply acoustic caulking around the window frame to seal any gaps or spaces, and use weatherstripping to improve the seal around the window sashes.
Remember that proper maintenance, prompt repairs, and upgrading your existing windows will ensure optimal soundproofing performance, allowing you to enjoy the benefits of reduced noise and enhanced privacy for years to come.
Enhance Your Property with Customisable Double Glazed Windows
Looking to elevate the appeal and functionality of your property in Sydney? Look no further than our range of stylish and customisable double glazed windows. As a leading aluminium and glass manufacturer in Sydney, we at Aluminium Windows And Doors, offer a wide selection of double glazed windows that combine beauty, durability, and energy efficiency, allowing you to create a truly exceptional living or working environment.
With our custom double glazed windows, you can enjoy the perfect balance of natural light and thermal insulation. The innovative design, featuring two glass panes separated by a layer of air or gas, acts as a highly effective thermal barrier. This means that during hot summers, the windows help keep your space cool and comfortable, while in colder months, they prevent heat from escaping, keeping your interiors warm and cosy. Say goodbye to temperature fluctuations and hello to a more comfortable and energy-efficient space.
In addition to their exceptional thermal performance, our double glazed windows also provide excellent noise reduction benefits. Whether you live in a bustling neighbourhood or operate a busy commercial establishment, these windows significantly reduce the amount of external noise entering your space, creating a quieter and more peaceful environment. Experience the difference as you enjoy uninterrupted moments of relaxation or productivity.
Our double glazed windows are not just functional but also customizable to suit your specific needs and aesthetic preferences. Choose from a variety of frame materials, colours, and styles to complement your property’s architecture and create a seamless look. Our expert team is dedicated to assisting you throughout the selection process, ensuring that you find the perfect double glazed windows that perfectly blend with your vision.
Upgrade your space with our premium double glazed windows and experience the benefits of enhanced energy efficiency, noise reduction, and aesthetics. We take pride in delivering exceptional quality and craftsmanship, backed by our commitment to customer satisfaction. Trust us as your reliable partner in transforming your Sydney property into a haven of comfort and style with our high-quality double glazed windows.
FAQs on The Role of Air Space Between Panes in Sound Proofing
1. Why is air space between panes important for soundproofing?
Air space between panes is crucial for soundproofing as it serves as a barrier that disrupts sound waves. The air trapped between the panes helps to absorb and decrease the intensity of these waves, minimizing noise transmission through windows and other barriers (Long, 2014).
2. How does the thickness of the air space between panes affect soundproofing performance?
The thickness of the air space directly impacts the level of soundproofing performance. Thicker air space means increased air volume to absorb sound waves, resulting in better soundproofing. However, the optimal thickness ultimately depends on the targeted frequency range and material used in the construction of the barrier (Hopkins, 2007).
3. What role does the air space play in sound transmission loss?
The air space between panes plays a significant role in sound transmission loss—a critical aspect of soundproofing—by allowing sound waves to dissipate within the confined zone. This, in turn, reduces the levels of sound energy that reach the other side of the barrier, providing an improved sound transmission loss function (Long, 2014).
4. Can the air space be filled with other materials to improve soundproofing performance?
Yes, filling the air space with materials like inert gases (such as argon or krypton) or acoustic foams can enhance soundproofing performance further. These materials can significantly increase the air space’s mass and dampening abilities, leading to a substantial reduction in noise transmission (Colomb, Foy, & Sgard, 2016).
5. How does the type of glass used in the panes impact the effectiveness of the air space?
The type of glass used in the panes can impact the soundproofing effectiveness as it affects the overall mass of the structure. Using thicker and denser glass varieties enhances the barrier’s ability to absorb sound waves and reduce noise transmission, complementing the air space’s function (Salter, 2019).
6. What practical steps can be implemented to maximize the efficiency of the air space?
To maximize the efficiency of the air space in soundproofing, one can increase the thickness of the space, use dissimilar-thickness glass panes, fill the air space with inert gases, or incorporate laminated glass. These measures improve the structure’s overall mass and dampening characteristics, resulting in more significant sound transmission reductions (Everest & Pohlmann, 2009).
References:
Colomb, V., Foy, C., & Sgard, F. (2016). A review of soundproofing strategies using porous media. Archives of Acoustics, 41(4), 639-651.
Everest, F. A., & Pohlmann, K. C. (2009). Master handbook of acoustics. McGraw Hill.
Hopkins, C. (2007). Sound insulation. Elsevier.
Long, M. (2014). Architectural Acoustics. Academic Press.
Salter, C. (2019). Acoustics: architecture, engineering, the environment. William Stout Publishers.
Related Articles